La adquisición de segmentos del inglés desde la sociolingüística: la fricativa postalveolar sorda /ʃ/
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29344/0717621X.41.2255Palabras clave:
variación lingüística, fonética acústica, transferencia, hipercorrección, inglés como lengua extranjeraResumen
En la tradición laboviana el estudio de la variación lingüística ha comenzado a aplicarse recientemente en investigaciones de segunda lengua, donde se ha demostrado que en este tipo de contextos (principalmente inmigración) surgen patrones sociolingí¼ísticos similares a los encontrados en estudios de variación en lengua materna. Este artículo recoge la fricativa postalveolar sorda (ʃ)[1] como variable fonética en el habla de 18 estudiantes chilenos de inglés. Por medio de análisis de factor por factor y de variable múltiple se buscó determinar, en primer lugar, si los patrones de variación lingüística del español de Chile también ocurren en situaciones de inglés como lengua extranjera, dado que esta variable ha sido históricamente correlacionada con factores sociales y, en segundo término, si los hablantes no nativos de inglés replican la variación que muestran los hablantes nativos. Los resultados sugieren que tanto factores lingí¼ísticos como sociales contribuyen a la variación de (ʃ). De esta forma, el artículo contribuye a fortalecer la noción de que la variación es inherente a las lenguas, tanto en lengua materna como en lengua extranjera.
[1] En sociolingüística los paréntesis se utilizan para referirse a una variable lingüística; las variantes lingüísticas (las distintas realizaciones de una variable) serán identificadas con corchetes.
Citas
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Bayley, R. (1994) Interlanguage variation in the quantitative paradigm: Past-Tense marking in Chinese-English. In: E. Tarone, S.M, Gass, and A. Cohen (eds.),
Research methodology in second language acquisition. (pp. 157-181). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Beebe, L. M. (1980). Sociolinguistic variation and style shifting in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 30(2), 433-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1980.tb00327.x
Bell, A., Jurafsky, D., Fosler-Lussier, E., Girand, C., Gregory, M., and Gildea, D. (2001) Form variation of English function words in conversation. Submitted manuscript.
Bernales, M. (1978). Sobre la palatal africada en el español de la ciudad de Valdivia. RLA: Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada, 16, 41-52.
Canfield, D. L. (1962). La pronunciación del español de América. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
Catford, J. C. (2002). A practical introduction to phonetics (second edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cedergren, H. (1973). The interplay of social and linguistic factors in Panama (PhD dissertation). Cornell University, Ithaca.
Cedergren, H. (1987). The spread of language change: Verifying inferences of linguistic diffusion. En P. H. Lowenberg (Ed.), Language spread and language policy: Issues, implications and case studies (pp. 45-60). Washington D.C: Georgetown University Press.
Cepeda, G. (2001). Estudio descriptivo del español de Valdivia, Chile. Estudios Filológicos 36, 81-97. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0071-17132001003600006
Chambers, J. K. (1980). Linguistic variation and Chomsky's homogenous speech community. En M. Kinloch & A. B. House (Eds.), Papers from the fourth Annual Meeting of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistics Association (pp. 1-32). Fredericton: University of New Brunswick.
Chambers, J. K. & Trudgill, P. (1998). Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dalbor, J. B. (1959). The English phonemes /Å¡/ and /Ä/: A hearing and pronunciation problem for speakers of Spanish learning English. Language Learning, 9(1-2), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1959.tb01131.x
Davies, M. (2008). The corpus of contemporary American English. BYE, Brigham Young University.
Eklund, R. & Lindstrí¶m, A. (1998). How to handle "foreign" sounds in Swedish text-to-speech conversion: Approaching the "˜xenophone' problem. Recuperado de https://www.ida.liu.se/~robek28/pdf/Eklund_Lindstrom_1998_Xenophones.pdf
Flege, J. E. (1991). Age of learning affects the authenticity of voice-onset time (VOT) in stop consonants produced in a second language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 89(1), 395-411. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.400473
Fougeron, C. (2001). Articulatory properties of initial segments in several prosodic constituents in French. Journal of Phonetics, 29(2), 109-135. https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.2000.0114
Fougeron, C. & Keating, P. A. (1997). Articulatory strengthening at edges of prosodic domains. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101(6), 3728-3740. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.418332
Guy, G. R. (1991). Explanation in variable phonology. An exponential model of morphological constraints. Language Variation and Change, 3(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000429
Guy, G. R. (1994) Variable is variable: Principles, constraints, and linguistic variation. Paper presented at NWAVE-XXIII, Stanford University,
Guy, G. R. (2007). Lexical exceptions in variable phonology. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 13(2), 108-119. Recuperado de
https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=pwpl
Johnson, D. E. (2009). Getting off the GoldVarb standard: Introducing Rbrul for Mixed"Effects Variable Rule Analysis. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3(1), 359-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00108.x
Jongman, A., Wayland, R., & Wong, S. (2000). Acoustic characteristics of English fricatives. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 108(3), 1252-1263. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1288413
Kpogo, F. & Gathercole, V. C. M. (2019). The influence of native English-speaking environment on Akan-English bilingual' production of English inter-dental fricatives. International Journal of Bilingualism, 1367006919844032. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006919844032
Labov, W. (1966). The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Labov, W. (1972a) Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Labov, William. (1984). Field methods of the Project on Linguistic Change and Variation. In Baugh, J. & Sherzer, J. (eds.), Language in Use. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. 28–53.
Labov, W. (1990). The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language Variation and Change, 2(2), 205-54. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000338
Labov, W. (2001). Principles of linguistic change, Vol. II: Social factors. Oxford: Blackwell.
Labov, W. (marzo, 2012). The sociolinguistic intersection of Spanish and English. En J. E. Alatis, TESOL Convention, Philadelphia.
Ladefoged, P. & Disner, S. F. (2012). Vowels and consonants. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Ladefoged, P. & Johnstone, K. (2011). A course in phonetics (sixth edition). Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Levon, E. (2007). Sexuality in context: Variation and the sociolinguistic perception of identity. Language in Society, 36(04), 533-554. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404507070431
Li, F., Edwards, J., & Beckman, M. E. (2009). Contrast and covert contrast: The phonetic development of voiceless sibilant fricatives in English and Japanese toddlers. Journal of Phonetics, 37(1), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2008.10.001
Lipski, J. (1994). Latin American Spanish. Nueva York: Longman.
MacWhinney, B. (2000). The CHILDES Project: Tools for analyzing talk. transcription format and programs (Vol. 1). Psychology Press.
Major, R. C. (2004). Gender and stylistic variation in second language phonology. Language Variation and Change, 16, 169-188. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954394504163059
Miatto, V., Hamann, S., & Boersma, P. (2019). Self-reported L2 input predicts phonetic variation in the adaptation of English final consonants into Italian. Canberra: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.
Pérez, H. E. (2001). La noción de rasgo. El caso de las consonantes oclusivas el español. Onomázein, 6, 327-336. Recuperado de http://www2.udec.cl/~heperez/oldpage/rasgo.htm
Pérez, H. E. (2007). Estudio de la variación estilística de la serie /bdg/ en posición intervocálica en el habla de los noticieros de la televisión chilena. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 16, 228-259. Recuperado de https://repositorio.uc.cl/bitstream/handle/11534/7947/000496876.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Poplack, S. (1980) Sometimes I'll start a sentence in English y termino en Español: toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18, pp. 581-618.
Poplack, S. & Tagliamonte, S. (2001). African American English in the Diaspora. Oxford: Blackwell.
Poplack, S., Tagliamonte, S., & Eze, E. (2000). Reconstructing the source of early African American English plural marking: A comparative study of English and Creole. En S. Poplack (Ed.), The English history of African American English (pp. 73-105). Oxford y Malden: Blackwell.
Santa Ana, O. (1996) Sonority and syllable structure in Chicano English. Language Variation and Change 8, pp. 3- 91.
Sapir, E. (1921). Language: An introduction to the study of speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
Shadle, C., Proctor, M. I., & Iskarous, K. (2008). An MRI study of the effect of vowel context on English fricatives. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(5), 3735-3735. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2935246
Smith, J. (2007). Methods in sociolinguistic research: syntax and morphology. En C. Llamas, L. Mullany, & P. Stockwell (Eds.), The Routledge companion to sociolinguistics. London: Routledge.
Smith, J., Durham, M., and Fortune, L. (2007) "Mam, my trousers is fa'in doon!": Community, caregiver, and child in the acquisition of variation in a Scottish dialect. Language Variation and Change, 19(01), pp. 63-99.
Smith, J., Durham, M., and Richards, H. (2013) The social and linguistic in the acquisition of sociolinguistic norms: caregivers, children, and variation. Linguistics, 51(2), pp. 285-324.
Stuart-Smith, J., Timmins, C., & Wrench, A. (2003). Sex and gender in /s/ in Glaswegian. En M. J. Solé, D. Recasens, & J. Romero (Eds.), Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences: 3-9 August 2003, Barcelona, Spain (pp. 1851-1854). Rundle Mall: Causal Productions.
Stuart-Smith, J. (2007). The influence of the media. En C. Llamas, L. Mullany & P. Stockwell (Eds.), The Routledge companion to sociolinguistics (pp. 140-148). London: Routledge.
Subiabre Ubilla, P. B. (2015). A phonetic variationist study on Chilean speakers of English as a foreign language (Doctoral dissertation). University of Glasgow, Glasgow.
Tagliamonte, S. (1998) Was/were across the generations: view from the city of York. Language variation and change, 10 (2), pp. 153-92.
Tagliamonte, S. (2006). Analysing sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tagliamonte, S. and Temple, R. (2005) New perspectives on an ol' variable: (t,d) in British English. Language Variation and Change, 17, pp. 281-302
Tassara, G. (1992). Actitudes lingüísticas ante la variación de [Ä]. RLA: Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada, 30, 263-271.
Valencia, A. (1993-1994) Realizaciones de IÅ¡l, [Ä]/ y [ĵl en el habla adolescente. Nueva Revista del Pacifico, 38/39, pp. 159-180.
Valdivieso, H. (1983). Prestigio y estigmatización. Factor determinante en la enseñanza institucionalizada de la lengua materna. RLA: Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada, 21, 137-142.
Valdivieso, H. (1993). Perfil fonético de escolares de Concepción. RLA: Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada, 31, 119-135.
Valencia, A. (1993-1994). Realizaciones de IÅ¡l, [Ä] y [ĵl] en el habla adolescente. Nueva Revista del Pacífico, 38/39, 159-180.
Weinreich, U., Labov, W., & Herzog M. I. (1968). Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. En W. P. Lehmann & Y. Malkie (Eds.), Directions for historical linguistics: A symposium (pp. 95-188). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Wigdorsky, L. (1978). Realización de algunos fonemas consonánticos en el castellano de Santiago: informe preliminar. RLA: Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada, 16, 53-60.
Wilde, L. F. (1995). Analysis and synthesis of fricative consonants (Doctoral dissertation). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts.
Bayley, R. (1994) Interlanguage variation in the quantitative paradigm: Past-Tense marking in Chinese-English. In: E. Tarone, S.M, Gass, and A. Cohen (eds.),
Research methodology in second language acquisition. (pp. 157-181). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Beebe, L. M. (1980). Sociolinguistic variation and style shifting in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 30(2), 433-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1980.tb00327.x
Bell, A., Jurafsky, D., Fosler-Lussier, E., Girand, C., Gregory, M., and Gildea, D. (2001) Form variation of English function words in conversation. Submitted manuscript.
Bernales, M. (1978). Sobre la palatal africada en el español de la ciudad de Valdivia. RLA: Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada, 16, 41-52.
Canfield, D. L. (1962). La pronunciación del español de América. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
Catford, J. C. (2002). A practical introduction to phonetics (second edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cedergren, H. (1973). The interplay of social and linguistic factors in Panama (PhD dissertation). Cornell University, Ithaca.
Cedergren, H. (1987). The spread of language change: Verifying inferences of linguistic diffusion. En P. H. Lowenberg (Ed.), Language spread and language policy: Issues, implications and case studies (pp. 45-60). Washington D.C: Georgetown University Press.
Cepeda, G. (2001). Estudio descriptivo del español de Valdivia, Chile. Estudios Filológicos 36, 81-97. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0071-17132001003600006
Chambers, J. K. (1980). Linguistic variation and Chomsky's homogenous speech community. En M. Kinloch & A. B. House (Eds.), Papers from the fourth Annual Meeting of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistics Association (pp. 1-32). Fredericton: University of New Brunswick.
Chambers, J. K. & Trudgill, P. (1998). Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dalbor, J. B. (1959). The English phonemes /Å¡/ and /Ä/: A hearing and pronunciation problem for speakers of Spanish learning English. Language Learning, 9(1-2), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1959.tb01131.x
Davies, M. (2008). The corpus of contemporary American English. BYE, Brigham Young University.
Eklund, R. & Lindstrí¶m, A. (1998). How to handle "foreign" sounds in Swedish text-to-speech conversion: Approaching the "˜xenophone' problem. Recuperado de https://www.ida.liu.se/~robek28/pdf/Eklund_Lindstrom_1998_Xenophones.pdf
Flege, J. E. (1991). Age of learning affects the authenticity of voice-onset time (VOT) in stop consonants produced in a second language. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 89(1), 395-411. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.400473
Fougeron, C. (2001). Articulatory properties of initial segments in several prosodic constituents in French. Journal of Phonetics, 29(2), 109-135. https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.2000.0114
Fougeron, C. & Keating, P. A. (1997). Articulatory strengthening at edges of prosodic domains. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101(6), 3728-3740. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.418332
Guy, G. R. (1991). Explanation in variable phonology. An exponential model of morphological constraints. Language Variation and Change, 3(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000429
Guy, G. R. (1994) Variable is variable: Principles, constraints, and linguistic variation. Paper presented at NWAVE-XXIII, Stanford University,
Guy, G. R. (2007). Lexical exceptions in variable phonology. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 13(2), 108-119. Recuperado de
https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=pwpl
Johnson, D. E. (2009). Getting off the GoldVarb standard: Introducing Rbrul for Mixed"Effects Variable Rule Analysis. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3(1), 359-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00108.x
Jongman, A., Wayland, R., & Wong, S. (2000). Acoustic characteristics of English fricatives. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 108(3), 1252-1263. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1288413
Kpogo, F. & Gathercole, V. C. M. (2019). The influence of native English-speaking environment on Akan-English bilingual' production of English inter-dental fricatives. International Journal of Bilingualism, 1367006919844032. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006919844032
Labov, W. (1966). The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Labov, W. (1972a) Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Labov, William. (1984). Field methods of the Project on Linguistic Change and Variation. In Baugh, J. & Sherzer, J. (eds.), Language in Use. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. 28–53.
Labov, W. (1990). The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language Variation and Change, 2(2), 205-54. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000338
Labov, W. (2001). Principles of linguistic change, Vol. II: Social factors. Oxford: Blackwell.
Labov, W. (marzo, 2012). The sociolinguistic intersection of Spanish and English. En J. E. Alatis, TESOL Convention, Philadelphia.
Ladefoged, P. & Disner, S. F. (2012). Vowels and consonants. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
Ladefoged, P. & Johnstone, K. (2011). A course in phonetics (sixth edition). Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Levon, E. (2007). Sexuality in context: Variation and the sociolinguistic perception of identity. Language in Society, 36(04), 533-554. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404507070431
Li, F., Edwards, J., & Beckman, M. E. (2009). Contrast and covert contrast: The phonetic development of voiceless sibilant fricatives in English and Japanese toddlers. Journal of Phonetics, 37(1), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2008.10.001
Lipski, J. (1994). Latin American Spanish. Nueva York: Longman.
MacWhinney, B. (2000). The CHILDES Project: Tools for analyzing talk. transcription format and programs (Vol. 1). Psychology Press.
Major, R. C. (2004). Gender and stylistic variation in second language phonology. Language Variation and Change, 16, 169-188. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954394504163059
Miatto, V., Hamann, S., & Boersma, P. (2019). Self-reported L2 input predicts phonetic variation in the adaptation of English final consonants into Italian. Canberra: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.
Pérez, H. E. (2001). La noción de rasgo. El caso de las consonantes oclusivas el español. Onomázein, 6, 327-336. Recuperado de http://www2.udec.cl/~heperez/oldpage/rasgo.htm
Pérez, H. E. (2007). Estudio de la variación estilística de la serie /bdg/ en posición intervocálica en el habla de los noticieros de la televisión chilena. Estudios de Fonética Experimental, 16, 228-259. Recuperado de https://repositorio.uc.cl/bitstream/handle/11534/7947/000496876.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Poplack, S. (1980) Sometimes I'll start a sentence in English y termino en Español: toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18, pp. 581-618.
Poplack, S. & Tagliamonte, S. (2001). African American English in the Diaspora. Oxford: Blackwell.
Poplack, S., Tagliamonte, S., & Eze, E. (2000). Reconstructing the source of early African American English plural marking: A comparative study of English and Creole. En S. Poplack (Ed.), The English history of African American English (pp. 73-105). Oxford y Malden: Blackwell.
Santa Ana, O. (1996) Sonority and syllable structure in Chicano English. Language Variation and Change 8, pp. 3- 91.
Sapir, E. (1921). Language: An introduction to the study of speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
Shadle, C., Proctor, M. I., & Iskarous, K. (2008). An MRI study of the effect of vowel context on English fricatives. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(5), 3735-3735. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2935246
Smith, J. (2007). Methods in sociolinguistic research: syntax and morphology. En C. Llamas, L. Mullany, & P. Stockwell (Eds.), The Routledge companion to sociolinguistics. London: Routledge.
Smith, J., Durham, M., and Fortune, L. (2007) "Mam, my trousers is fa'in doon!": Community, caregiver, and child in the acquisition of variation in a Scottish dialect. Language Variation and Change, 19(01), pp. 63-99.
Smith, J., Durham, M., and Richards, H. (2013) The social and linguistic in the acquisition of sociolinguistic norms: caregivers, children, and variation. Linguistics, 51(2), pp. 285-324.
Stuart-Smith, J., Timmins, C., & Wrench, A. (2003). Sex and gender in /s/ in Glaswegian. En M. J. Solé, D. Recasens, & J. Romero (Eds.), Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences: 3-9 August 2003, Barcelona, Spain (pp. 1851-1854). Rundle Mall: Causal Productions.
Stuart-Smith, J. (2007). The influence of the media. En C. Llamas, L. Mullany & P. Stockwell (Eds.), The Routledge companion to sociolinguistics (pp. 140-148). London: Routledge.
Subiabre Ubilla, P. B. (2015). A phonetic variationist study on Chilean speakers of English as a foreign language (Doctoral dissertation). University of Glasgow, Glasgow.
Tagliamonte, S. (1998) Was/were across the generations: view from the city of York. Language variation and change, 10 (2), pp. 153-92.
Tagliamonte, S. (2006). Analysing sociolinguistic variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tagliamonte, S. and Temple, R. (2005) New perspectives on an ol' variable: (t,d) in British English. Language Variation and Change, 17, pp. 281-302
Tassara, G. (1992). Actitudes lingüísticas ante la variación de [Ä]. RLA: Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada, 30, 263-271.
Valencia, A. (1993-1994) Realizaciones de IÅ¡l, [Ä]/ y [ĵl en el habla adolescente. Nueva Revista del Pacifico, 38/39, pp. 159-180.
Valdivieso, H. (1983). Prestigio y estigmatización. Factor determinante en la enseñanza institucionalizada de la lengua materna. RLA: Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada, 21, 137-142.
Valdivieso, H. (1993). Perfil fonético de escolares de Concepción. RLA: Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada, 31, 119-135.
Valencia, A. (1993-1994). Realizaciones de IÅ¡l, [Ä] y [ĵl] en el habla adolescente. Nueva Revista del Pacífico, 38/39, 159-180.
Weinreich, U., Labov, W., & Herzog M. I. (1968). Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. En W. P. Lehmann & Y. Malkie (Eds.), Directions for historical linguistics: A symposium (pp. 95-188). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Wigdorsky, L. (1978). Realización de algunos fonemas consonánticos en el castellano de Santiago: informe preliminar. RLA: Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada, 16, 53-60.
Wilde, L. F. (1995). Analysis and synthesis of fricative consonants (Doctoral dissertation). Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts.
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2020-05-22
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